/*!
 * Lo-Dash v0.8.2 <http://lodash.com>
 * (c) 2012 John-David Dalton <http://allyoucanleet.com/>
 * Based on Underscore.js 1.4.2 <http://underscorejs.org>
 * (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
 * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
 */
;
(function (window, undefined) {
    'use strict';

    /** Detect free variable `exports` */
    var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports &&
        (typeof global == 'object' && global && global == global.global && (window = global), exports);

    /** Native prototype shortcuts */
    var ArrayProto = Array.prototype,
        BoolProto = Boolean.prototype,
        ObjectProto = Object.prototype,
        NumberProto = Number.prototype,
        StringProto = String.prototype;

    /** Used to generate unique IDs */
    var idCounter = 0;

    /** Used by `cachedContains` as the default size when optimizations are enabled for large arrays */
    var largeArraySize = 30;

    /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
    var oldDash = window._;

    /** Used to detect delimiter values that should be processed by `tokenizeEvaluate` */
    var reComplexDelimiter = /[-?+=!~*%&^<>|{(\/]|\[\D|\b(?:delete|in|instanceof|new|typeof|void)\b/;

    /** Used to match HTML entities */
    var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#x27);/g;

    /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source */
    var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
        reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
        reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;

    /** Used to match regexp flags from their coerced string values */
    var reFlags = /\w*$/;

    /** Used to insert the data object variable into compiled template source */
    var reInsertVariable = /(?:__e|__t = )\(\s*(?![\d\s"']|this\.)/g;

    /** Used to detect if a method is native */
    var reNative = RegExp('^' +
        (ObjectProto.valueOf + '')
            .replace(/[.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\]/g, '\\$&')
            .replace(/valueOf|for [^\]]+/g, '.+?') + '$'
    );

    /** Used to ensure capturing order and avoid matches for undefined delimiters */
    var reNoMatch = /($^)/;

    /** Used to match HTML characters */
    var reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"']/g;

    /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
    var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;

    /** Used to fix the JScript [[DontEnum]] bug */
    var shadowed = [
        'constructor', 'hasOwnProperty', 'isPrototypeOf', 'propertyIsEnumerable',
        'toLocaleString', 'toString', 'valueOf'
    ];

    /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify */
    var templateCounter = 0;

    /** Native method shortcuts */
    var ceil = Math.ceil,
        concat = ArrayProto.concat,
        floor = Math.floor,
        getPrototypeOf = reNative.test(getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf) && getPrototypeOf,
        hasOwnProperty = ObjectProto.hasOwnProperty,
        push = ArrayProto.push,
        propertyIsEnumerable = ObjectProto.propertyIsEnumerable,
        slice = ArrayProto.slice,
        toString = ObjectProto.toString;

    /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
    var nativeBind = reNative.test(nativeBind = slice.bind) && nativeBind,
        nativeIsArray = reNative.test(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
        nativeIsFinite = window.isFinite,
        nativeKeys = reNative.test(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
        nativeMax = Math.max,
        nativeMin = Math.min,
        nativeRandom = Math.random;

    /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
    var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
        arrayClass = '[object Array]',
        boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
        dateClass = '[object Date]',
        funcClass = '[object Function]',
        numberClass = '[object Number]',
        objectClass = '[object Object]',
        regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
        stringClass = '[object String]';

    /** Timer shortcuts */
    var clearTimeout = window.clearTimeout,
        setTimeout = window.setTimeout;

    /**
     * Detect the JScript [[DontEnum]] bug:
     *
     * In IE < 9 an objects own properties, shadowing non-enumerable ones, are
     * made non-enumerable as well.
     */
    var hasDontEnumBug;

    /**
     * Detect if `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` augment array-like objects
     * incorrectly:
     *
     * Firefox < 10, IE compatibility mode, and IE < 9 have buggy Array `shift()`
     * and `splice()` functions that fail to remove the last element, `value[0]`,
     * of array-like objects even though the `length` property is set to `0`.
     * The `shift()` method is buggy in IE 8 compatibility mode, while `splice()`
     * is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9 and buggy in compatibility mode in IE 9.
     */
    var hasObjectSpliceBug;

    /** Detect if own properties are iterated after inherited properties (IE < 9) */
    var iteratesOwnLast;

    /** Detect if an `arguments` object's indexes are non-enumerable (IE < 9) */
    var noArgsEnum = true;

    (function () {
        var object = { '0': 1, 'length': 1 },
            props = [];

        function ctor() {
            this.x = 1;
        }

        ctor.prototype = { 'valueOf': 1, 'y': 1 };
        for (var prop in new ctor) {
            props.push(prop);
        }
        for (prop in arguments) {
            noArgsEnum = !prop;
        }

        hasDontEnumBug = (props + '').length < 4;
        iteratesOwnLast = props[0] != 'x';
        hasObjectSpliceBug = (props.splice.call(object, 0, 1), object[0]);
    }(1));

    /** Detect if an `arguments` object's [[Class]] is unresolvable (Firefox < 4, IE < 9) */
    var noArgsClass = !isArguments(arguments);

    /** Detect if `Array#slice` cannot be used to convert strings to arrays (Opera < 10.52) */
    var noArraySliceOnStrings = slice.call('x')[0] != 'x';

    /**
     * Detect lack of support for accessing string characters by index:
     *
     * IE < 8 can't access characters by index and IE 8 can only access
     * characters by index on string literals.
     */
    var noCharByIndex = ('x'[0] + Object('x')[0]) != 'xx';

    /**
     * Detect if a node's [[Class]] is unresolvable (IE < 9)
     * and that the JS engine won't error when attempting to coerce an object to
     * a string without a `toString` property value of `typeof` "function".
     */
    try {
        var noNodeClass = ({ 'toString': 0 } + '', toString.call(window.document || 0) == objectClass);
    } catch (e) {
    }

    /* Detect if `Function#bind` exists and is inferred to be fast (all but V8) */
    var isBindFast = nativeBind && /\n|Opera/.test(nativeBind + toString.call(window.opera));

    /* Detect if `Object.keys` exists and is inferred to be fast (IE, Opera, V8) */
    var isKeysFast = nativeKeys && /^.+$|true/.test(nativeKeys + !!window.attachEvent);

    /* Detect if strict mode, "use strict", is inferred to be fast (V8) */
    var isStrictFast = !isBindFast;

    /**
     * Detect if sourceURL syntax is usable without erroring:
     *
     * The JS engine in Adobe products, like InDesign, will throw a syntax error
     * when it encounters a single line comment beginning with the `@` symbol.
     *
     * The JS engine in Narwhal will generate the function `function anonymous(){//}`
     * and throw a syntax error.
     *
     * Avoid comments beginning `@` symbols in IE because they are part of its
     * non-standard conditional compilation support.
     * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/121hztk3(v=vs.94).aspx
     */
    try {
        var useSourceURL = (Function('//@')(), !window.attachEvent);
    } catch (e) {
    }

    /** Used to identify object classifications that `_.clone` supports */
    var cloneableClasses = {};
    cloneableClasses[argsClass] = cloneableClasses[funcClass] = false;
    cloneableClasses[arrayClass] = cloneableClasses[boolClass] = cloneableClasses[dateClass] =
        cloneableClasses[numberClass] = cloneableClasses[objectClass] = cloneableClasses[regexpClass] =
            cloneableClasses[stringClass] = true;

    /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
    var objectTypes = {
        'boolean': false,
        'function': true,
        'object': true,
        'number': false,
        'string': false,
        'undefined': false,
        'unknown': true
    };

    /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
    var stringEscapes = {
        '\\': '\\',
        "'": "'",
        '\n': 'n',
        '\r': 'r',
        '\t': 't',
        '\u2028': 'u2028',
        '\u2029': 'u2029'
    };

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * The `lodash` function.
     *
     * @name _
     * @constructor
     * @category Chaining
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
     * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
     */
    function lodash(value) {
        // exit early if already wrapped
        if (value && value.__wrapped__) {
            return value;
        }
        // allow invoking `lodash` without the `new` operator
        if (!(this instanceof lodash)) {
            return new lodash(value);
        }
        this.__wrapped__ = value;
    }

    /**
     * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
     * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
     * delimiters.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type Object
     */
    lodash.templateSettings = {

        /**
         * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type RegExp
         */
        'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

        /**
         * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type RegExp
         */
        'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

        /**
         * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type RegExp
         */
        'interpolate': /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

        /**
         * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type String
         */
        'variable': ''
    };

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * The template used to create iterator functions.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Obect} data The data object used to populate the text.
     * @returns {String} Returns the interpolated text.
     */
    var iteratorTemplate = template(
        // conditional strict mode
        '<% if (useStrict) { %>\'use strict\';\n<% } %>' +

            // the `iteratee` may be reassigned by the `top` snippet
            'var index, value, iteratee = <%= firstArg %>, ' +
            // assign the `result` variable an initial value
            'result = <%= firstArg %>;\n' +
            // exit early if the first argument is falsey
            'if (!<%= firstArg %>) return result;\n' +
            // add code before the iteration branches
            '<%= top %>;\n' +

            // the following branch is for iterating arrays and array-like objects
            '<% if (arrayLoop) { %>' +
            'var length = iteratee.length; index = -1;' +
            '  <% if (objectLoop) { %>\nif (typeof length == \'number\') {<% } %>' +

            // add support for accessing string characters by index if needed
            '  <% if (noCharByIndex) { %>\n' +
            '  if (toString.call(iteratee) == stringClass) {\n' +
            '    iteratee = iteratee.split(\'\')\n' +
            '  }' +
            '  <% } %>\n' +

            '  while (++index < length) {\n' +
            '    value = iteratee[index];\n' +
            '    <%= arrayLoop %>\n' +
            '  }' +
            '  <% if (objectLoop) { %>\n}<% } %>' +
            '<% } %>' +

            // the following branch is for iterating an object's own/inherited properties
            '<% if (objectLoop) { %>' +
            '  <% if (arrayLoop) { %>\nelse {' +

            // add support for iterating over `arguments` objects if needed
            '  <%  } else if (noArgsEnum) { %>\n' +
            '  var length = iteratee.length; index = -1;\n' +
            '  if (length && isArguments(iteratee)) {\n' +
            '    while (++index < length) {\n' +
            '      value = iteratee[index += \'\'];\n' +
            '      <%= objectLoop %>\n' +
            '    }\n' +
            '  } else {' +
            '  <% } %>' +

            // Firefox < 3.6, Opera > 9.50 - Opera < 11.60, and Safari < 5.1
            // (if the prototype or a property on the prototype has been set)
            // incorrectly sets a function's `prototype` property [[Enumerable]]
            // value to `true`. Because of this Lo-Dash standardizes on skipping
            // the the `prototype` property of functions regardless of its
            // [[Enumerable]] value.
            '  <% if (!hasDontEnumBug) { %>\n' +
            '  var skipProto = typeof iteratee == \'function\' && \n' +
            '    propertyIsEnumerable.call(iteratee, \'prototype\');\n' +
            '  <% } %>' +

            // iterate own properties using `Object.keys` if it's fast
            '  <% if (isKeysFast && useHas) { %>\n' +
            '  var ownIndex = -1,\n' +
            '      ownProps = objectTypes[typeof iteratee] ? nativeKeys(iteratee) : [],\n' +
            '      length = ownProps.length;\n\n' +
            '  while (++ownIndex < length) {\n' +
            '    index = ownProps[ownIndex];\n' +
            '    <% if (!hasDontEnumBug) { %>if (!(skipProto && index == \'prototype\')) {\n  <% } %>' +
            '    value = iteratee[index];\n' +
            '    <%= objectLoop %>\n' +
            '    <% if (!hasDontEnumBug) { %>}\n<% } %>' +
            '  }' +

            // else using a for-in loop
            '  <% } else { %>\n' +
            '  for (index in iteratee) {<%' +
            '    if (!hasDontEnumBug || useHas) { %>\n    if (<%' +
            '      if (!hasDontEnumBug) { %>!(skipProto && index == \'prototype\')<% }' +
            '      if (!hasDontEnumBug && useHas) { %> && <% }' +
            '      if (useHas) { %>hasOwnProperty.call(iteratee, index)<% }' +
            '    %>) {' +
            '    <% } %>\n' +
            '    value = iteratee[index];\n' +
            '    <%= objectLoop %>;' +
            '    <% if (!hasDontEnumBug || useHas) { %>\n    }<% } %>\n' +
            '  }' +
            '  <% } %>' +

            // Because IE < 9 can't set the `[[Enumerable]]` attribute of an
            // existing property and the `constructor` property of a prototype
            // defaults to non-enumerable, Lo-Dash skips the `constructor`
            // property when it infers it's iterating over a `prototype` object.
            '  <% if (hasDontEnumBug) { %>\n\n' +
            '  var ctor = iteratee.constructor;\n' +
            '    <% for (var k = 0; k < 7; k++) { %>\n' +
            '  index = \'<%= shadowed[k] %>\';\n' +
            '  if (<%' +
            '      if (shadowed[k] == \'constructor\') {' +
            '        %>!(ctor && ctor.prototype === iteratee) && <%' +
            '      } %>hasOwnProperty.call(iteratee, index)) {\n' +
            '    value = iteratee[index];\n' +
            '    <%= objectLoop %>\n' +
            '  }' +
            '    <% } %>' +
            '  <% } %>' +
            '  <% if (arrayLoop || noArgsEnum) { %>\n}<% } %>' +
            '<% } %>\n' +

            // add code to the bottom of the iteration function
            '<%= bottom %>;\n' +
            // finally, return the `result`
            'return result'
    );

    /**
     * Reusable iterator options shared by `forEach`, `forIn`, and `forOwn`.
     */
    var forEachIteratorOptions = {
        'args': 'collection, callback, thisArg',
        'top': 'callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg)',
        'loop': 'if (callback(value, index, collection) === false) return result'
    };

    /** Reusable iterator options for `defaults`, and `extend` */
    var extendIteratorOptions = {
        'useHas': false,
        'useStrict': false,
        'args': 'object',
        'top': 'for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {\n' +
            '  if (iteratee = arguments[argsIndex]) {',
        'objectLoop': 'result[index] = value',
        'bottom': '  }\n}'
    };

    /** Reusable iterator options for `forIn` and `forOwn` */
    var forOwnIteratorOptions = {
        'loop': null,
        'objectLoop': forEachIteratorOptions.loop
    };

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates a function optimized for searching large arrays for a given `value`,
     * starting at `fromIndex`, using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
     * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to start searching from.
     * @param {Number} [largeSize=30] The length at which an array is considered large.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is found, else `false`.
     */
    function cachedContains(array, fromIndex, largeSize) {
        fromIndex || (fromIndex = 0);

        var length = array.length,
            isLarge = (length - fromIndex) >= (largeSize || largeArraySize),
            cache = isLarge ? {} : array;

        if (isLarge) {
            // init value cache
            var index = fromIndex - 1;
            while (++index < length) {
                // manually coerce `value` to string because `hasOwnProperty`, in some
                // older versions of Firefox, coerces objects incorrectly
                var key = array[index] + '';
                (hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key) ? cache[key] : (cache[key] = [])).push(array[index]);
            }
        }
        return function (value) {
            if (isLarge) {
                var key = value + '';
                return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key) && indexOf(cache[key], value) > -1;
            }
            return indexOf(cache, value, fromIndex) > -1;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` values, stable sorting
     * them in ascending order.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
     * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
     */
    function compareAscending(a, b) {
        var ai = a.index,
            bi = b.index;

        a = a.criteria;
        b = b.criteria;

        // ensure a stable sort in V8 and other engines
        // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
        if (a !== b) {
            if (a > b || a === undefined) {
                return 1;
            }
            if (a < b || b === undefined) {
                return -1;
            }
        }
        return ai < bi ? -1 : 1;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
     * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any `partailArgs` to the arguments passed
     * to the bound function.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Function|String} func The function to bind or the method name.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
     * @param {Array} partialArgs An array of arguments to be partially applied.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
     */
    function createBound(func, thisArg, partialArgs) {
        var isFunc = isFunction(func),
            isPartial = !partialArgs,
            methodName = func;

        // juggle arguments
        if (isPartial) {
            partialArgs = thisArg;
        }

        function bound() {
            // `Function#bind` spec
            // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.5
            var args = arguments,
                thisBinding = isPartial ? this : thisArg;

            if (!isFunc) {
                func = thisArg[methodName];
            }
            if (partialArgs.length) {
                args = args.length
                    ? partialArgs.concat(slice.call(args))
                    : partialArgs;
            }
            if (this instanceof bound) {
                // get `func` instance if `bound` is invoked in a `new` expression
                noop.prototype = func.prototype;
                thisBinding = new noop;

                // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
                // http://es5.github.com/#x13.2.2
                var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
                return result && objectTypes[typeof result]
                    ? result
                    : thisBinding
            }
            return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
        }

        return bound;
    }

    /**
     * Produces an iteration callback bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is
     * a property name, the callback will return the property value for a given element.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Function|String} [func=identity|property] The function called per
     * iteration or property name to query.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
     */
    function createCallback(func, thisArg) {
        if (!func) {
            return identity;
        }
        if (typeof func != 'function') {
            return function (object) {
                return object[func];
            };
        }
        if (thisArg !== undefined) {
            return function (value, index, object) {
                return func.call(thisArg, value, index, object);
            };
        }
        return func;
    }

    /**
     * Creates compiled iteration functions.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} [options1, options2, ...] The compile options objects.
     *
     *  useHas - A boolean to specify using `hasOwnProperty` checks in the object loop.
     *  useStrict - A boolean to specify including the "use strict" directive.
     *  args - A string of comma separated arguments the iteration function will accept.
     *  top - A string of code to execute before the iteration branches.
     *  arrayLoop - A string of code to execute in the array loop.
     *  objectLoop - A string of code to execute in the object loop.
     *  loop - A string of code to execute in the array or object loops.
     *  bottom - A string of code to execute after the iteration branches.
     *
     * @returns {Function} Returns the compiled function.
     */
    function createIterator() {
        var data = {
            'arrayLoop': '',
            'bottom': '',
            'hasDontEnumBug': hasDontEnumBug,
            'isKeysFast': isKeysFast,
            'objectLoop': '',
            'noArgsEnum': noArgsEnum,
            'noCharByIndex': noCharByIndex,
            'shadowed': shadowed,
            'top': '',
            'useHas': true,
            'useStrict': isStrictFast
        };

        var object,
            index = -1;

        // merge options into a template data object
        while (object = arguments[++index]) {
            for (var prop in object) {
                var value = object[prop];
                if (prop == 'loop') {
                    data.arrayLoop = value;
                    data.objectLoop = value;
                } else {
                    data[prop] = value;
                }
            }
        }
        // set additional template `data` properties
        var args = data.args;
        data.firstArg = /^[^,]+/.exec(args)[0];

        // create the function factory
        var factory = Function(
            'bind, createCallback, functions, hasOwnProperty, isArguments, isFunction, ' +
                'objectTypes, nativeKeys, propertyIsEnumerable, stringClass, toString',
            'return function(' + args + ') {\n' + iteratorTemplate(data) + '\n}'
        );
        // return the compiled function
        return factory(
            bind, createCallback, functions, hasOwnProperty, isArguments, isFunction,
            objectTypes, nativeKeys, propertyIsEnumerable, stringClass, toString
        );
    }

    /**
     * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
     * string literals.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
     * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
     */
    function escapeStringChar(match) {
        return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
    }

    /**
     * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
     * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
     */
    function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
        return htmlEscapes[match];
    }

    /**
     * A no-operation function.
     *
     * @private
     */
    function noop() {
        // no operation performed
    }

    /**
     * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {String} match The matched character to unescape.
     * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped character.
     */
    function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
        return htmlUnescapes[match];
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Iterates over `object`'s own and inherited enumerable properties, executing
     * the `callback` for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
     * invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration
     * early by explicitly returning `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * function Dog(name) {
   *   this.name = name;
   * }
     *
     * Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
   *   alert('Woof, woof!');
   * };
     *
     * _.forIn(new Dog('Dagny'), function(value, key) {
   *   alert(key);
   * });
     * // => alerts 'name' and 'bark' (order is not guaranteed)
     */
    var forIn = createIterator(forEachIteratorOptions, forOwnIteratorOptions, {
        'useHas': false
    });

    /**
     * Iterates over `object`'s own enumerable properties, executing the `callback`
     * for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
     * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly
     * returning `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
   *   alert(key);
   * });
     * // => alerts '0', '1', and 'length' (order is not guaranteed)
     */
    var forOwn = createIterator(forEachIteratorOptions, forOwnIteratorOptions);

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => false
     */
    function isArguments(value) {
        return toString.call(value) == argsClass;
    }

    // fallback for browsers that can't detect `arguments` objects by [[Class]]
    if (noArgsClass) {
        isArguments = function (value) {
            return value ? hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') : false;
        };
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is an array.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => true
     */
    var isArray = nativeIsArray || function (value) {
        return toString.call(value) == arrayClass;
    };

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isFunction(_);
     * // => true
     */
    function isFunction(value) {
        return typeof value == 'function';
    }

    // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
    if (isFunction(/x/)) {
        isFunction = function (value) {
            return toString.call(value) == funcClass;
        };
    }

    /**
     * Checks if a given `value` is an object created by the `Object` constructor.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * function Stooge(name, age) {
   *   this.name = name;
   *   this.age = age;
   * }
     *
     * _.isPlainObject(new Stooge('moe', 40));
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isPlainObject({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 });
     * // => true
     */
    var isPlainObject = !getPrototypeOf ? isPlainFallback : function (value) {
        if (!(value && typeof value == 'object')) {
            return false;
        }
        var valueOf = value.valueOf,
            objProto = typeof valueOf == 'function' && (objProto = getPrototypeOf(valueOf)) && getPrototypeOf(objProto);

        return objProto
            ? value == objProto || (getPrototypeOf(value) == objProto && !isArguments(value))
            : isPlainFallback(value);
    };

    /**
     * A fallback implementation of `isPlainObject` that checks if a given `value`
     * is an object created by the `Object` constructor, assuming objects created
     * by the `Object` constructor have no inherited enumerable properties and that
     * there are no `Object.prototype` extensions.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
     */
    function isPlainFallback(value) {
        // avoid non-objects and false positives for `arguments` objects
        var result = false;
        if (!(value && typeof value == 'object') || isArguments(value)) {
            return result;
        }
        // IE < 9 presents DOM nodes as `Object` objects except they have `toString`
        // methods that are `typeof` "string" and still can coerce nodes to strings.
        // Also check that the constructor is `Object` (i.e. `Object instanceof Object`)
        var ctor = value.constructor;
        if ((!noNodeClass || !(typeof value.toString != 'function' && typeof (value + '') == 'string')) &&
            (!isFunction(ctor) || ctor instanceof ctor)) {
            // IE < 9 iterates inherited properties before own properties. If the first
            // iterated property is an object's own property then there are no inherited
            // enumerable properties.
            if (iteratesOwnLast) {
                forIn(value, function (value, key, object) {
                    result = !hasOwnProperty.call(object, key);
                    return false;
                });
                return result === false;
            }
            // In most environments an object's own properties are iterated before
            // its inherited properties. If the last iterated property is an object's
            // own property then there are no inherited enumerable properties.
            forIn(value, function (value, key) {
                result = key;
            });
            return result === false || hasOwnProperty.call(value, result);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * A shim implementation of `Object.keys` that produces an array of the given
     * object's own enumerable property names.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
     */
    function shimKeys(object) {
        var result = [];
        forOwn(object, function (value, key) {
            result.push(key);
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
     *
     * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
     * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
     * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
     * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
     */
    var htmlEscapes = {
        '&': '&amp;',
        '<': '&lt;',
        '>': '&gt;',
        '"': '&quot;',
        "'": '&#x27;'
    };

    /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
    var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates a clone of `value`. If `deep` is `true`, all nested objects will
     * also be cloned otherwise they will be assigned by reference. Functions, DOM
     * nodes, `arguments` objects, and objects created by constructors other than
     * `Object` are **not** cloned.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to clone.
     * @param {Boolean} deep A flag to indicate a deep clone.
     * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
     *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `deep`.
     * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Internally used to track traversed source objects.
     * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Internally used to associate clones with their
     *  source counterparts.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the cloned `value`.
     * @example
     *
     * var stooges = [
     *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
     *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.clone({ 'name': 'moe' });
     * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
     *
     * var shallow = _.clone(stooges);
     * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
     * // => true
     *
     * var deep = _.clone(stooges, true);
     * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
     * // => false
     */
    function clone(value, deep, guard, stackA, stackB) {
        if (value == null) {
            return value;
        }
        if (guard) {
            deep = false;
        }
        // inspect [[Class]]
        var isObj = objectTypes[typeof value];
        if (isObj) {
            // don't clone `arguments` objects, functions, or non-object Objects
            var className = toString.call(value);
            if (!cloneableClasses[className] || (noArgsClass && isArguments(value))) {
                return value;
            }
            var isArr = className == arrayClass;
            isObj = isArr || (className == objectClass ? isPlainObject(value) : isObj);
        }
        // shallow clone
        if (!isObj || !deep) {
            // don't clone functions
            return isObj
                ? (isArr ? slice.call(value) : extend({}, value))
                : value;
        }

        var ctor = value.constructor;
        switch (className) {
            case boolClass:
            case dateClass:
                return new ctor(+value);

            case numberClass:
            case stringClass:
                return new ctor(value);

            case regexpClass:
                return ctor(value.source, reFlags.exec(value));
        }
        // check for circular references and return corresponding clone
        stackA || (stackA = []);
        stackB || (stackB = []);

        var length = stackA.length;
        while (length--) {
            if (stackA[length] == value) {
                return stackB[length];
            }
        }
        // init cloned object
        var result = isArr ? ctor(value.length) : {};

        // add the source value to the stack of traversed objects
        // and associate it with its clone
        stackA.push(value);
        stackB.push(result);

        // recursively populate clone (susceptible to call stack limits)
        (isArr ? forEach : forOwn)(value, function (objValue, key) {
            result[key] = clone(objValue, deep, null, stackA, stackB);
        });

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Assigns enumerable properties of the default object(s) to the `destination`
     * object for all `destination` properties that resolve to `null`/`undefined`.
     * Once a property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be
     * ignored.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
     * @param {Object} [default1, default2, ...] The default objects.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
     * @example
     *
     * var iceCream = { 'flavor': 'chocolate' };
     * _.defaults(iceCream, { 'flavor': 'vanilla', 'sprinkles': 'rainbow' });
     * // => { 'flavor': 'chocolate', 'sprinkles': 'rainbow' }
     */
    var defaults = createIterator(extendIteratorOptions, {
        'objectLoop': 'if (result[index] == null) ' + extendIteratorOptions.objectLoop
    });

    /**
     * Assigns enumerable properties of the source object(s) to the `destination`
     * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite propery assignments of previous
     * sources.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
     * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.extend({ 'name': 'moe' }, { 'age': 40 });
     * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
     */
    var extend = createIterator(extendIteratorOptions);

    /**
     * Creates a sorted array of all enumerable properties, own and inherited,
     * of `object` that have function values.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias methods
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names that have function values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.functions(_);
     * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
     */
    function functions(object) {
        var result = [];
        forIn(object, function (value, key) {
            if (isFunction(value)) {
                result.push(key);
            }
        });
        return result.sort();
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the specified object `property` exists and is a direct property,
     * instead of an inherited property.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to check.
     * @param {String} property The property to check for.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
     * // => true
     */
    function has(object, property) {
        return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, property) : false;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given `object`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
     * @example
     *
     *  _.invert({ 'first': 'Moe', 'second': 'Larry', 'third': 'Curly' });
     * // => { 'Moe': 'first', 'Larry': 'second', 'Curly': 'third' } (order is not guaranteed)
     */
    function invert(object) {
        var result = {};
        forOwn(object, function (value, key) {
            result[value] = key;
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a boolean (`true` or `false`) value.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isBoolean(null);
     * // => false
     */
    function isBoolean(value) {
        return value === true || value === false || toString.call(value) == boolClass;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a date.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isDate(new Date);
     * // => true
     */
    function isDate(value) {
        return toString.call(value) == dateClass;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isElement(document.body);
     * // => true
     */
    function isElement(value) {
        return value ? value.nodeType === 1 : false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
     * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
     * "empty".
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Array|Object|String} value The value to inspect.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isEmpty({});
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isEmpty('');
     * // => true
     */
    function isEmpty(value) {
        var result = true;
        if (!value) {
            return result;
        }
        var className = toString.call(value),
            length = value.length;

        if ((className == arrayClass || className == stringClass ||
            className == argsClass || (noArgsClass && isArguments(value))) ||
            (className == objectClass && typeof length == 'number' && isFunction(value.splice))) {
            return !length;
        }
        forOwn(value, function () {
            return (result = false);
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
     * equivalent to each other.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} a The value to compare.
     * @param {Mixed} b The other value to compare.
     * @param- {Object} [stackA=[]] Internally used track traversed `a` objects.
     * @param- {Object} [stackB=[]] Internally used track traversed `b` objects.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equvalent, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * var moe = { 'name': 'moe', 'luckyNumbers': [13, 27, 34] };
     * var clone = { 'name': 'moe', 'luckyNumbers': [13, 27, 34] };
     *
     * moe == clone;
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isEqual(moe, clone);
     * // => true
     */
    function isEqual(a, b, stackA, stackB) {
        // exit early for identical values
        if (a === b) {
            // treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
            return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
        }
        // a strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`
        if (a == null || b == null) {
            return a === b;
        }
        // compare [[Class]] names
        var className = toString.call(a);
        if (className != toString.call(b)) {
            return false;
        }
        switch (className) {
            case boolClass:
            case dateClass:
                // coerce dates and booleans to numbers, dates to milliseconds and booleans
                // to `1` or `0`, treating invalid dates coerced to `NaN` as not equal
                return +a == +b;

            case numberClass:
                // treat `NaN` vs. `NaN` as equal
                return a != +a
                    ? b != +b
                    // but treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
                    : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);

            case regexpClass:
            case stringClass:
                // coerce regexes to strings (http://es5.github.com/#x15.10.6.4)
                // treat string primitives and their corresponding object instances as equal
                return a == b + '';
        }
        // exit early, in older browsers, if `a` is array-like but not `b`
        var isArr = className == arrayClass || className == argsClass;
        if (noArgsClass && !isArr && (isArr = isArguments(a)) && !isArguments(b)) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!isArr) {
            // unwrap any `lodash` wrapped values
            if (a.__wrapped__ || b.__wrapped__) {
                return isEqual(a.__wrapped__ || a, b.__wrapped__ || b);
            }
            // exit for functions and DOM nodes
            if (className != objectClass || (noNodeClass && (
                (typeof a.toString != 'function' && typeof (a + '') == 'string') ||
                    (typeof b.toString != 'function' && typeof (b + '') == 'string')))) {
                return false;
            }
            var ctorA = a.constructor,
                ctorB = b.constructor;

            // non `Object` object instances with different constructors are not equal
            if (ctorA != ctorB && !(
                isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA &&
                    isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB
                )) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        // assume cyclic structures are equal
        // the algorithm for detecting cyclic structures is adapted from ES 5.1
        // section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO` (http://es5.github.com/#x15.12.3)
        stackA || (stackA = []);
        stackB || (stackB = []);

        var length = stackA.length;
        while (length--) {
            if (stackA[length] == a) {
                return stackB[length] == b;
            }
        }

        var index = -1,
            result = true,
            size = 0;

        // add `a` and `b` to the stack of traversed objects
        stackA.push(a);
        stackB.push(b);

        // recursively compare objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
        if (isArr) {
            // compare lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary
            size = a.length;
            result = size == b.length;

            if (result) {
                // deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties
                while (size--) {
                    if (!(result = isEqual(a[size], b[size], stackA, stackB))) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
        // deep compare objects
        for (var prop in a) {
            if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, prop)) {
                // count the number of properties.
                size++;
                // deep compare each property value.
                if (!(hasOwnProperty.call(b, prop) && isEqual(a[prop], b[prop], stackA, stackB))) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        // ensure both objects have the same number of properties
        for (prop in b) {
            // The JS engine in Adobe products, like InDesign, has a bug that causes
            // `!size--` to throw an error so it must be wrapped in parentheses.
            // https://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/issues/355
            if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, prop) && !(size--)) {
                // `size` will be `-1` if `b` has more properties than `a`
                return false;
            }
        }
        // handle JScript [[DontEnum]] bug
        if (hasDontEnumBug) {
            while (++index < 7) {
                prop = shadowed[index];
                if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, prop) && !(hasOwnProperty.call(b, prop) && isEqual(a[prop], b[prop], stackA, stackB))) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a finite number.
     *
     * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite`, which will return true for
     * booleans and other values. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.5.
     *
     * @deprecated
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a finite number, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isFinite(-101);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isFinite('10');
     * // => false
     *
     * _.isFinite(Infinity);
     * // => false
     */
    function isFinite(value) {
        return nativeIsFinite(value) && toString.call(value) == numberClass;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
     * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isObject({});
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isObject(1);
     * // => false
     */
    function isObject(value) {
        // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
        // http://es5.github.com/#x8
        // and avoid a V8 bug
        // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
        return value ? objectTypes[typeof value] : false;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
     *
     * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN`, which will return true for
     * `undefined` and other values. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.4.
     *
     * @deprecated
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isNaN(NaN);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
     * // => true
     *
     * isNaN(undefined);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isNaN(undefined);
     * // => false
     */
    function isNaN(value) {
        // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
        // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
        return toString.call(value) == numberClass && value != +value
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is `null`.
     *
     * @deprecated
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isNull(null);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.isNull(undefined);
     * // => false
     */
    function isNull(value) {
        return value === null;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a number.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
     * // => true
     */
    function isNumber(value) {
        return toString.call(value) == numberClass;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isRegExp(/moe/);
     * // => true
     */
    function isRegExp(value) {
        return toString.call(value) == regexpClass;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is a string.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isString('moe');
     * // => true
     */
    function isString(value) {
        return toString.call(value) == stringClass;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
     *
     * @deprecated
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.isUndefined(void 0);
     * // => true
     */
    function isUndefined(value) {
        return value === undefined;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
     * @example
     *
     * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
     * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (order is not guaranteed)
     */
    var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function (object) {
        var type = typeof object;

        // avoid iterating over the `prototype` property
        if (type == 'function' && propertyIsEnumerable.call(object, 'prototype')) {
            return shimKeys(object);
        }
        return object && objectTypes[type]
            ? nativeKeys(object)
            : [];
    };

    /**
     * Merges enumerable properties of the source object(s) into the `destination`
     * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite propery assignments of previous
     * sources.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The destination object.
     * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
     * @param- {Object} [indicator] Internally used to indicate that the `stack`
     *  argument is an array of traversed objects instead of another source object.
     * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Internally used to track traversed source objects.
     * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Internally used to associate values with their
     *  source counterparts.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
     * @example
     *
     * var stooges = [
     *   { 'name': 'moe' },
     *   { 'name': 'larry' }
     * ];
     *
     * var ages = [
     *   { 'age': 40 },
     *   { 'age': 50 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.merge(stooges, ages);
     * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }]
     */
    function merge(object, source, indicator) {
        var args = arguments,
            index = 0,
            length = 2,
            stackA = args[3],
            stackB = args[4];

        if (indicator != compareAscending) {
            stackA = [];
            stackB = [];
            length = args.length;
        }
        while (++index < length) {
            forOwn(args[index], function (source, key) {
                var found, isArr, value;
                if (source && ((isArr = isArray(source)) || isPlainObject(source))) {
                    // avoid merging previously merged cyclic sources
                    var stackLength = stackA.length;
                    while (stackLength--) {
                        found = stackA[stackLength] == source;
                        if (found) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (found) {
                        object[key] = stackB[stackLength];
                    }
                    else {
                        // add `source` and associated `value` to the stack of traversed objects
                        stackA.push(source);
                        stackB.push(value = (value = object[key], isArr)
                            ? (isArray(value) ? value : [])
                            : (isPlainObject(value) ? value : {})
                        );
                        // recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
                        object[key] = merge(value, source, compareAscending, stackA, stackB);
                    }
                } else if (source != null) {
                    object[key] = source;
                }
            });
        }
        return object;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
     * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
     * property names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property
     * in the `object`, omitting the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The
     * `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The source object.
     * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to omit
     *  or the function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
     * @example
     *
     * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40, 'userid': 'moe1' }, 'userid');
     * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
     *
     * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', '_hint': 'knucklehead', '_seed': '96c4eb' }, function(value, key) {
   *   return key.charAt(0) == '_';
   * });
     * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
     */
    function omit(object, callback, thisArg) {
        var isFunc = typeof callback == 'function',
            result = {};

        if (isFunc) {
            callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        } else {
            var props = concat.apply(ArrayProto, arguments);
        }
        forIn(object, function (value, key, object) {
            if (isFunc
                ? !callback(value, key, object)
                : indexOf(props, key, 1) < 0
                ) {
                result[key] = value;
            }
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a two dimensional array of the given object's key-value pairs,
     * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
     * @example
     *
     * _.pairs({ 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40, 'curly': 50 });
     * // => [['moe', 30], ['larry', 40], ['curly', 50]] (order is not guaranteed)
     */
    function pairs(object) {
        var result = [];
        forOwn(object, function (value, key) {
            result.push([key, value]);
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
     * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
     * property names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property
     * in the `object`, picking the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The
     * `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The source object.
     * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to pick
     *  or the function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
     * @example
     *
     * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40, 'userid': 'moe1' }, 'name', 'age');
     * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
     *
     * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_hint': 'knucklehead', '_seed': '96c4eb' }, function(value, key) {
   *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
   * });
     * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
     */
    function pick(object, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = {};
        if (typeof callback != 'function') {
            var index = 0,
                props = concat.apply(ArrayProto, arguments),
                length = props.length;

            while (++index < length) {
                var prop = props[index];
                if (prop in object) {
                    result[prop] = object[prop];
                }
            }
        } else {
            callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            forIn(object, function (value, key, object) {
                if (callback(value, key, object)) {
                    result[key] = value;
                }
            });
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Objects
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    function values(object) {
        var result = [];
        forOwn(object, function (value) {
            result.push(value);
        });
        return result;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Checks if a given `target` element is present in a `collection` using strict
     * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias include
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Mixed} target The value to check for.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 3);
     * // => true
     *
     * _.contains({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'moe');
     * // => true
     *
     * _.contains('curly', 'ur');
     * // => true
     */
    function contains(collection, target) {
        var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
        if (typeof length == 'number') {
            return (toString.call(collection) == stringClass
                ? collection.indexOf(target)
                : indexOf(collection, target)
                ) > -1;
        }
        return some(collection, function (value) {
            return value === target;
        });
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of
     * `collection` through a `callback`. The corresponding value of each key is
     * the number of times the key was returned by `callback`. The `callback` is
     * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     * The `callback` argument may also be the name of a property to count by (e.g. 'length').
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|String} callback|property The function called per iteration
     *  or property name to count by.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
     * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
     *
     * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
     * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
     *
     * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
     * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
     */
    function countBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = {};
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
            key = callback(value, key, collection);
            (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **all** elements of a
     * `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
     * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias all
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the callback check,
     *  else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
     * // => false
     */
    function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = true;
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
            return (result = callback(value, index, collection));
        });
        return !!result;
    }

    /**
     * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
     * the `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
     * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias select
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
     * @example
     *
     * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
     * // => [2, 4, 6]
     */
    function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = [];
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
            if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
                result.push(value);
            }
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first one the `callback`
     * returns truthy for. The function returns as soon as it finds an acceptable
     * element, and does not iterate over the entire `collection`. The `callback` is
     * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias detect
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the element that passed the callback check,
     *  else `undefined`.
     * @example
     *
     * var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
     * // => 2
     */
    function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result;
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        some(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
            return callback(value, index, collection) && (result = value, true);
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Iterates over a `collection`, executing the `callback` for each element in
     * the `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
     * arguments; (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early
     * by explicitly returning `false`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias each
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array|Object|String} Returns `collection`.
     * @example
     *
     * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(alert).join(',');
     * // => alerts each number and returns '1,2,3'
     *
     * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, alert);
     * // => alerts each number (order is not guaranteed)
     */
    var forEach = createIterator(forEachIteratorOptions);

    /**
     * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of
     * `collection` through a `callback`. The corresponding value of each key is an
     * array of elements passed to `callback` that returned the key. The `callback`
     * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     * The `callback` argument may also be the name of a property to count by (e.g. 'length').
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|String} callback|property The function called per iteration
     *  or property name to group by.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
     * @example
     *
     * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
     * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
     *
     * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
     * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
     *
     * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
     * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
     */
    function groupBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = {};
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
            key = callback(value, key, collection);
            (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key] : result[key] = []).push(value);
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the `collection`,
     * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
     * will be passed to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function it will
     * be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the `collection`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|String} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
     *  the function invoked per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the method with.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each invoked method.
     * @example
     *
     * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
     * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
     *
     * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
     * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
     */
    function invoke(collection, methodName) {
        var args = slice.call(arguments, 2),
            isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
            result = [];

        forEach(collection, function (value) {
            result.push((isFunc ? methodName : value[methodName]).apply(value, args));
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of values by running each element in the `collection`
     * through a `callback`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
     * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias collect
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
     * @example
     *
     * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
     * // => [3, 6, 9]
     *
     * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
     * // => [3, 6, 9] (order is not guaranteed)
     */
    function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            result = Array(length);

        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        if (isArray(collection)) {
            while (++index < length) {
                result[index] = callback(collection[index], index, collection);
            }
        } else {
            forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
                result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
            });
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the maximum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
     * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
     * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to
     * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the maximum value.
     * @example
     *
     * var stooges = [
     *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
     *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.max(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
     * // => { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 };
     */
    function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var computed = -Infinity,
            index = -1,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            result = computed;

        if (callback || length !== +length) {
            callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                var current = callback(value, index, collection);
                if (current > computed) {
                    computed = current;
                    result = value;
                }
            });
        } else {
            while (++index < length) {
                if (collection[index] > result) {
                    result = collection[index];
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the minimum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
     * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
     * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
     * and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the minimum value.
     * @example
     *
     * _.min([10, 5, 100, 2, 1000]);
     * // => 2
     */
    function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var computed = Infinity,
            index = -1,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            result = computed;

        if (callback || length !== +length) {
            callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                var current = callback(value, index, collection);
                if (current < computed) {
                    computed = current;
                    result = value;
                }
            });
        } else {
            while (++index < length) {
                if (collection[index] < result) {
                    result = collection[index];
                }
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in
     * the `collection`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {String} property The property to pluck.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
     * @example
     *
     * var stooges = [
     *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
     *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.pluck(stooges, 'name');
     * // => ['moe', 'larry', 'curly']
     */
    function pluck(collection, property) {
        var result = [];
        forEach(collection, function (value) {
            result.push(value[property]);
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Boils down a `collection` to a single value. The initial state of the
     * reduction is `accumulator` and each successive step of it should be returned
     * by the `callback`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with 4
     * arguments; for arrays they are (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias foldl, inject
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
     * @example
     *
     * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num) { return memo + num; });
     * // => 6
     */
    function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
        var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
            accumulator = noaccum
                ? (noaccum = false, value)
                : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
        });
        return accumulator;
    }

    /**
     * The right-associative version of `_.reduce`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias foldr
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
     * @example
     *
     * var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
     * var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
     * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
     */
    function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
        var iteratee = collection,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            noaccum = arguments.length < 3;

        if (length !== +length) {
            var props = keys(collection);
            length = props.length;
        } else if (noCharByIndex && toString.call(collection) == stringClass) {
            iteratee = collection.split('');
        }
        forEach(collection, function (value, index, object) {
            index = props ? props[--length] : --length;
            accumulator = noaccum
                ? (noaccum = false, iteratee[index])
                : callback.call(thisArg, accumulator, iteratee[index], index, object);
        });
        return accumulator;
    }

    /**
     * The opposite of `_.filter`, this method returns the values of a
     * `collection` that `callback` does **not** return truthy for.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that did **not** pass the
     *  callback check.
     * @example
     *
     * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
     * // => [1, 3, 5]
     */
    function reject(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        return filter(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
            return !callback(value, index, collection);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of shuffled `array` values, using a version of the
     * Fisher-Yates shuffle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array} collection The collection to shuffle.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new shuffled collection.
     * @example
     *
     * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
     * // => [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
     */
    function shuffle(collection) {
        var index = -1,
            result = Array(collection ? collection.length : 0);

        forEach(collection, function (value) {
            var rand = floor(nativeRandom() * (++index + 1));
            result[index] = result[rand];
            result[rand] = value;
        });
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the size of the `collection` by returning `collection.length` for arrays
     * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to inspect.
     * @returns {Number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
     * @example
     *
     * _.size([1, 2]);
     * // => 2
     *
     * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
     * // => 3
     *
     * _.size('curly');
     * // => 5
     */
    function size(collection) {
        var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
        return typeof length == 'number' ? length : keys(collection).length;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **any** element of a
     * `collection`. The function returns as soon as it finds passing value, and
     * does not iterate over the entire `collection`. The `callback` is bound to
     * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias any
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the callback check,
     *  else `false`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false]);
     * // => true
     */
    function some(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result;
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
            return !(result = callback(value, index, collection));
        });
        return !!result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array, stable sorted in ascending order by the results of
     * running each element of `collection` through a `callback`. The `callback`
     * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
     * The `callback` argument may also be the name of a property to sort by (e.g. 'length').
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Function|String} callback|property The function called per iteration
     *  or property name to sort by.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of sorted elements.
     * @example
     *
     * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
     * // => [3, 1, 2]
     *
     * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
     * // => [3, 1, 2]
     *
     * _.sortBy(['larry', 'brendan', 'moe'], 'length');
     * // => ['moe', 'larry', 'brendan']
     */
    function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = [];
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
            result.push({
                'criteria': callback(value, index, collection),
                'index': index,
                'value': value
            });
        });

        var length = result.length;
        result.sort(compareAscending);
        while (length--) {
            result[length] = result[length].value;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the `collection`, to an array.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to convert.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
     * @example
     *
     * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
     * // => [2, 3, 4]
     */
    function toArray(collection) {
        if (!collection) {
            return [];
        }
        if (typeof collection.length == 'number') {
            return (noArraySliceOnStrings ? toString.call(collection) == stringClass : typeof collection == 'string')
                ? collection.split('')
                : slice.call(collection);
        }
        return values(collection);
    }

    /**
     * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
     * that contain the given `properties`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Collections
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
     * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that contain the given `properties`.
     * @example
     *
     * var stooges = [
     *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
     *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
     * ];
     *
     * _.where(stooges, { 'age': 40 });
     * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }]
     */
    function where(collection, properties) {
        var props = [];
        forIn(properties, function (value, prop) {
            props.push(prop);
        });

        var length = props.length,
            result = [];

        forEach(collection, function (value) {
            var index = -1;
            while (++index < length) {
                var prop = props[index],
                    pass = value[prop] === properties[prop];
                if (!pass) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (pass) {
                result.push(value);
            }
        });
        return result;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates an array with all falsey values of `array` removed. The values
     * `false`, `null`, `0`, `""`, `undefined` and `NaN` are all falsey.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    function compact(array) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            result = [];

        while (++index < length) {
            var value = array[index];
            if (value) {
                result.push(value);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of `array` elements not present in the other arrays
     * using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to process.
     * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to check.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of `array` elements not present in the
     *  other arrays.
     * @example
     *
     * _.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
     * // => [1, 3, 4]
     */
    function difference(array) {
        var result = [];
        if (!array) {
            return result;
        }
        var index = -1,
            length = array.length,
            flattened = concat.apply(ArrayProto, arguments),
            contains = cachedContains(flattened, length);

        while (++index < length) {
            var value = array[index];
            if (!contains(value)) {
                result.push(value);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the first element of the `array`. Pass `n` to return the first `n`
     * elements of the `array`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias head, take
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {Number} [n] The number of elements to return.
     * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
     *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `n`.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the first element or an array of the first `n`
     *  elements of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
     * // => 5
     */
    function first(array, n, guard) {
        if (array) {
            return (n == null || guard) ? array[0] : slice.call(array, 0, n);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `shallow` is
     * truthy, `array` will only be flattened a single level.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
     * @param {Boolean} shallow A flag to indicate only flattening a single level.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
     *
     * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
     * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
     */
    function flatten(array, shallow) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            result = [];

        while (++index < length) {
            var value = array[index];

            // recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
            if (isArray(value)) {
                push.apply(result, shallow ? value : flatten(value));
            } else {
                result.push(value);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
     * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already
     * sorted, passing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
     * @param {Boolean|Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to start searching from or
     *  `true` to perform a binary search on a sorted `array`.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
     * // => 1
     *
     * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
     * // => 4
     *
     * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
     * // => 2
     */
    function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0;

        if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
            index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex || 0) - 1;
        } else if (fromIndex) {
            index = sortedIndex(array, value);
            return array[index] === value ? index : -1;
        }
        while (++index < length) {
            if (array[index] === value) {
                return index;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Gets all but the last element of `array`. Pass `n` to exclude the last `n`
     * elements from the result.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {Number} [n] The number of elements to return.
     * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
     *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `n`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns all but the last element or `n` elements of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.initial([3, 2, 1]);
     * // => [3, 2]
     */
    function initial(array, n, guard) {
        return array
            ? slice.call(array, 0, -((n == null || guard) ? 1 : n))
            : [];
    }

    /**
     * Computes the intersection of all the passed-in arrays using strict equality
     * for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique elements, in order, that are
     *  present in **all** of the arrays.
     * @example
     *
     * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
     * // => [1, 2]
     */
    function intersection(array) {
        var argsLength = arguments.length,
            cache = [],
            index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            result = [];

        array: while (++index < length) {
            var value = array[index];
            if (indexOf(result, value) < 0) {
                for (var argsIndex = 1; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
                    if (!(cache[argsIndex] || (cache[argsIndex] = cachedContains(arguments[argsIndex])))(value)) {
                        continue array;
                    }
                }
                result.push(value);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the last element of the `array`. Pass `n` to return the last `n`
     * elements of the `array`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {Number} [n] The number of elements to return.
     * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
     *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `n`.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the last element or an array of the last `n`
     *  elements of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.last([3, 2, 1]);
     * // => 1
     */
    function last(array, n, guard) {
        if (array) {
            var length = array.length;
            return (n == null || guard) ? array[length - 1] : slice.call(array, -n || length);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using
     * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
     * @param {Number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to start searching from.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
     * // => 4
     *
     * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
     * // => 1
     */
    function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
        var index = array ? array.length : 0;
        if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
            index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, index + fromIndex) : nativeMin(fromIndex, index - 1)) + 1;
        }
        while (index--) {
            if (array[index] === value) {
                return index;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Pass either
     * a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`, or
     * two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
     * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
     * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the given keys and
     *  corresponding values.
     * @example
     *
     * _.object(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50]);
     * // => { 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40, 'curly': 50 }
     */
    function object(keys, values) {
        var index = -1,
            length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
            result = {};

        while (++index < length) {
            var key = keys[index];
            if (values) {
                result[key] = values[index];
            } else {
                result[key[0]] = key[1];
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
     * `start` up to but not including `stop`. This method is a port of Python's
     * `range()` function. See http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Number} [start=0] The start of the range.
     * @param {Number} end The end of the range.
     * @param {Number} [step=1] The value to increment or descrement by.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new range array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.range(10);
     * // => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
     *
     * _.range(1, 11);
     * // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
     *
     * _.range(0, 30, 5);
     * // => [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
     *
     * _.range(0, -10, -1);
     * // => [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
     *
     * _.range(0);
     * // => []
     */
    function range(start, end, step) {
        start = +start || 0;
        step = +step || 1;

        if (end == null) {
            end = start;
            start = 0;
        }
        // use `Array(length)` so V8 will avoid the slower "dictionary" mode
        // http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=16m27s
        var index = -1,
            length = nativeMax(0, ceil((end - start) / step)),
            result = Array(length);

        while (++index < length) {
            result[index] = start;
            start += step;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * The opposite of `_.initial`, this method gets all but the first value of
     * `array`. Pass `n` to exclude the first `n` values from the result.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias drop, tail
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to query.
     * @param {Number} [n] The number of elements to return.
     * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
     *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `n`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns all but the first value or `n` values of `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.rest([3, 2, 1]);
     * // => [2, 1]
     */
    function rest(array, n, guard) {
        return array
            ? slice.call(array, (n == null || guard) ? 1 : n)
            : [];
    }

    /**
     * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which the `value`
     * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain the sort order of the
     * sorted `array`. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for `value` and
     * each element in `array` to compute their sort ranking. The `callback` is
     * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value). The `callback`
     * argument may also be the name of a property to order by.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to evaluate.
     * @param {Function|String} [callback=identity|property] The function called
     *  per iteration or property name to order by.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the index at which the value should be inserted
     *  into `array`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
     * // => 2
     *
     * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
     * // => 2
     *
     * var dict = {
   *   'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'fourty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
   * };
     *
     * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
   *   return dict.wordToNumber[word];
   * });
     * // => 2
     *
     * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
   *   return this.wordToNumber[word];
   * }, dict);
     * // => 2
     */
    function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
        var low = 0,
            high = array ? array.length : low;

        if (callback) {
            callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            value = callback(value);
            while (low < high) {
                var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
                callback(array[mid]) < value ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
            }
        } else {
            while (low < high) {
                var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
                array[mid] < value ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
            }
        }
        return low;
    }

    /**
     * Computes the union of the passed-in arrays using strict equality for
     * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique values, in order, that are
     *  present in one or more of the arrays.
     * @example
     *
     * _.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
     * // => [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
     */
    function union() {
        var index = -1,
            flattened = concat.apply(ArrayProto, arguments),
            length = flattened.length,
            result = [];

        while (++index < length) {
            var value = flattened[index];
            if (indexOf(result, value) < 0) {
                result.push(value);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of the `array` using strict equality
     * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already sorted, passing `true`
     * for `isSorted` will run a faster algorithm. If `callback` is passed, each
     * element of `array` is passed through a callback` before uniqueness is computed.
     * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @alias unique
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to process.
     * @param {Boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that the `array` is already sorted.
     * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     *
     * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     *
     * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     *
     * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    function uniq(array, isSorted, callback, thisArg) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            result = [],
            seen = [];

        // juggle arguments
        if (typeof isSorted == 'function') {
            thisArg = callback;
            callback = isSorted;
            isSorted = false;
        }
        callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        while (++index < length) {
            var computed = callback(array[index], index, array);
            if (isSorted
                ? !index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== computed
                : indexOf(seen, computed) < 0
                ) {
                seen.push(computed);
                result.push(array[index]);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an array with all occurrences of the passed values removed using
     * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
     * @param {Mixed} [value1, value2, ...] Values to remove.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
     * @example
     *
     * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
     * // => [2, 3, 4]
     */
    function without(array) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            contains = cachedContains(arguments, 1, 20),
            result = [];

        while (++index < length) {
            var value = array[index];
            if (!contains(value)) {
                result.push(value);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Groups the elements of each array at their corresponding indexes. Useful for
     * separate data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
     * For a matrix of nested arrays, `_.zip.apply(...)` can transpose the matrix
     * in a similar fashion.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Arrays
     * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of grouped elements.
     * @example
     *
     * _.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
     * // => [['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false], ['curly', 50, false]]
     */
    function zip(array) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? max(pluck(arguments, 'length')) : 0,
            result = Array(length);

        while (++index < length) {
            result[index] = pluck(arguments, index);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Creates a function that is restricted to executing only after it is
     * called `n` times.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Number} n The number of times the function must be called before
     * it is executed.
     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
     * @example
     *
     * var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
     * _.forEach(notes, function(note) {
   *   note.asyncSave({ 'success': renderNotes });
   * });
     * // `renderNotes` is run once, after all notes have saved
     */
    function after(n, func) {
        if (n < 1) {
            return func();
        }
        return function () {
            if (--n < 1) {
                return func.apply(this, arguments);
            }
        };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
     * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those
     * passed to the bound function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
     * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
     * @example
     *
     * var func = function(greeting) {
   *   return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
   * };
     *
     * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'moe' }, 'hi');
     * func();
     * // => 'hi moe'
     */
    function bind(func, thisArg) {
        // use `Function#bind` if it exists and is fast
        // (in V8 `Function#bind` is slower except when partially applied)
        return isBindFast || (nativeBind && arguments.length > 2)
            ? nativeBind.call.apply(nativeBind, arguments)
            : createBound(func, thisArg, slice.call(arguments, 2));
    }

    /**
     * Binds methods on `object` to `object`, overwriting the existing method.
     * If no method names are provided, all the function properties of `object`
     * will be bound.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
     * @param {String} [methodName1, methodName2, ...] Method names on the object to bind.
     * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
     * @example
     *
     * var buttonView = {
   *  'label': 'lodash',
   *  'onClick': function() { alert('clicked: ' + this.label); }
   * };
     *
     * _.bindAll(buttonView);
     * jQuery('#lodash_button').on('click', buttonView.onClick);
     * // => When the button is clicked, `this.label` will have the correct value
     */
    var bindAll = createIterator({
        'useStrict': false,
        'args': 'object',
        'top': 'var funcs = arguments,\n' +
            '    index = funcs.length > 1 ? 0 : (funcs = functions(object), -1),\n' +
            '    length = funcs.length;' +
            'while (++index < length) {\n' +
            '  value = funcs[index];\n' +
            '  result[value] = bind(result[value], result)\n' +
            '}\n' +
            'return result'
    });

    /**
     * Creates a function that is the composition of the passed functions,
     * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
     * In math terms, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} [func1, func2, ...] Functions to compose.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
     * @example
     *
     * var greet = function(name) { return 'hi: ' + name; };
     * var exclaim = function(statement) { return statement + '!'; };
     * var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
     * welcome('moe');
     * // => 'hi: moe!'
     */
    function compose() {
        var funcs = arguments;
        return function () {
            var args = arguments,
                length = funcs.length;

            while (length--) {
                args = [funcs[length].apply(this, args)];
            }
            return args[0];
        };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
     * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked. Pass
     * `true` for `immediate` to cause debounce to invoke `func` on the leading,
     * instead of the trailing, edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to
     * the debounced function will return the result of the last `func` call.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
     * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
     * @param {Boolean} immediate A flag to indicate execution is on the leading
     *  edge of the timeout.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
     * @example
     *
     * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
     * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
     */
    function debounce(func, wait, immediate) {
        var args,
            result,
            thisArg,
            timeoutId;

        function delayed() {
            timeoutId = null;
            if (!immediate) {
                result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
            }
        }

        return function () {
            var isImmediate = immediate && !timeoutId;
            args = arguments;
            thisArg = this;

            clearTimeout(timeoutId);
            timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);

            if (isImmediate) {
                result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
            }
            return result;
        };
    }

    /**
     * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
     * will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
     * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
     * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the `setTimeout` timeout id.
     * @example
     *
     * var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
     * _.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
     * // => 'logged later' (Appears after one second.)
     */
    function delay(func, wait) {
        var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
        return setTimeout(function () {
            return func.apply(undefined, args);
        }, wait);
    }

    /**
     * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
     * Additional arguments will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
     * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the `setTimeout` timeout id.
     * @example
     *
     * _.defer(function() { alert('deferred'); });
     * // returns from the function before `alert` is called
     */
    function defer(func) {
        var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
        return setTimeout(function () {
            return func.apply(undefined, args);
        }, 1);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `object[methodName]` and
     * prepends any additional `lateBind` arguments to those passed to the bound
     * function. This method differs from `_.bind` by allowing bound functions to
     * reference methods that will be redefined or don't yet exist.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Object} object The object the method belongs to.
     * @param {String} methodName The method name.
     * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
     * @example
     *
     * var object = {
   *   'name': 'moe',
   *   'greet': function(greeting) {
   *     return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
   *   }
   * };
     *
     * var func = _.lateBind(object, 'greet', 'hi');
     * func();
     * // => 'hi moe'
     *
     * object.greet = function(greeting) {
   *   return greeting + ', ' + this.name + '!';
   * };
     *
     * func();
     * // => 'hi, moe!'
     */
    function lateBind(object, methodName) {
        return createBound(methodName, object, slice.call(arguments, 2));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
     * passed, it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
     * based on the arguments passed to the memoized function. By default, the first
     * argument passed to the memoized function is used as the cache key.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
     * @param {Function} [resolver] A function used to resolve the cache key.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
     * @example
     *
     * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
   *   return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
   * });
     */
    function memoize(func, resolver) {
        var cache = {};
        return function () {
            var prop = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : arguments[0];
            return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, prop)
                ? cache[prop]
                : (cache[prop] = func.apply(this, arguments));
        };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that is restricted to one execution. Repeat calls to
     * the function will return the value of the first call.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
     * @example
     *
     * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
     * initialize();
     * initialize();
     * // Application is only created once.
     */
    function once(func) {
        var result,
            ran = false;

        return function () {
            if (ran) {
                return result;
            }
            ran = true;
            result = func.apply(this, arguments);

            // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
            func = null;
            return result;
        };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with any additional
     * `partial` arguments prepended to those passed to the new function. This method
     * is similar to `bind`, except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
     * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
     * @example
     *
     * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ': ' + name; };
     * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
     * hi('moe');
     * // => 'hi: moe'
     */
    function partial(func) {
        return createBound(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func`
     * function at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. If the throttled
     * function is invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout, `func` will
     * also be called on the trailing edge of the timeout. Subsequent calls to the
     * throttled function will return the result of the last `func` call.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
     * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
     * @example
     *
     * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
     * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
     */
    function throttle(func, wait) {
        var args,
            result,
            thisArg,
            timeoutId,
            lastCalled = 0;

        function trailingCall() {
            lastCalled = new Date;
            timeoutId = null;
            result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
        }

        return function () {
            var now = new Date,
                remaining = wait - (now - lastCalled);

            args = arguments;
            thisArg = this;

            if (remaining <= 0) {
                clearTimeout(timeoutId);
                lastCalled = now;
                result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
            }
            else if (!timeoutId) {
                timeoutId = setTimeout(trailingCall, remaining);
            }
            return result;
        };
    }

    /**
     * Creates a function that passes `value` to the `wrapper` function as its
     * first argument. Additional arguments passed to the new function are appended
     * to those passed to the `wrapper` function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Functions
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
     * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
     * @example
     *
     * var hello = function(name) { return 'hello: ' + name; };
     * hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
   *   return 'before, ' + func('moe') + ', after';
   * });
     * hello();
     * // => 'before, hello: moe, after'
     */
    function wrap(value, wrapper) {
        return function () {
            var args = [value];
            if (arguments.length) {
                push.apply(args, arguments);
            }
            return wrapper.apply(this, args);
        };
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Converts the characters `&`, `<`, `>`, `"`, and `'` in `string` to their
     * corresponding HTML entities.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {String} string The string to escape.
     * @returns {String} Returns the escaped string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.escape('Moe, Larry & Curly');
     * // => "Moe, Larry &amp; Curly"
     */
    function escape(string) {
        return string == null ? '' : (string + '').replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
    }

    /**
     * This function returns the first argument passed to it.
     *
     * Note: It is used throughout Lo-Dash as a default callback.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Mixed} value Any value.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
     * @example
     *
     * var moe = { 'name': 'moe' };
     * moe === _.identity(moe);
     * // => true
     */
    function identity(value) {
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Adds functions properties of `object` to the `lodash` function and chainable
     * wrapper.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Object} object The object of function properties to add to `lodash`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.mixin({
   *   'capitalize': function(string) {
   *     return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();
   *   }
   * });
     *
     * _.capitalize('larry');
     * // => 'Larry'
     *
     * _('curly').capitalize();
     * // => 'Curly'
     */
    function mixin(object) {
        forEach(functions(object), function (methodName) {
            var func = lodash[methodName] = object[methodName];

            lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                var args = [this.__wrapped__];
                if (arguments.length) {
                    push.apply(args, arguments);
                }
                var result = func.apply(lodash, args);
                if (this.__chain__) {
                    result = new lodash(result);
                    result.__chain__ = true;
                }
                return result;
            };
        });
    }

    /**
     * Reverts the '_' variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
     * the `lodash` function.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
     * @example
     *
     * var lodash = _.noConflict();
     */
    function noConflict() {
        window._ = oldDash;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
     * argument is passed, a number between `0` and the given number will be returned.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
     * @param {Number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
     * @returns {Number} Returns a random number.
     * @example
     *
     * _.random(0, 5);
     * // => a number between 1 and 5
     *
     * _.random(5);
     * // => also a number between 1 and 5
     */
    function random(min, max) {
        if (min == null && max == null) {
            max = 1;
        }
        min = +min || 0;
        if (max == null) {
            max = min;
            min = 0;
        }
        return min + floor(nativeRandom() * ((+max || 0) - min + 1));
    }

    /**
     * Resolves the value of `property` on `object`. If `property` is a function
     * it will be invoked and its result returned, else the property value is
     * returned. If `object` is falsey, then `null` is returned.
     *
     * @deprecated
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
     * @param {String} property The property to get the value of.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the resolved value.
     * @example
     *
     * var object = {
   *   'cheese': 'crumpets',
   *   'stuff': function() {
   *     return 'nonsense';
   *   }
   * };
     *
     * _.result(object, 'cheese');
     * // => 'crumpets'
     *
     * _.result(object, 'stuff');
     * // => 'nonsense'
     */
    function result(object, property) {
        // based on Backbone's private `getValue` function
        // https://github.com/documentcloud/backbone/blob/0.9.2/backbone.js#L1419-1424
        var value = object ? object[property] : null;
        return isFunction(value) ? object[property]() : value;
    }

    /**
     * A micro-templating method that handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves
     * whitespace, and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
     *
     * Note: In the development build `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier
     * debugging. See http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
     *
     * Note: Lo-Dash may be used in Chrome extensions by either creating a `lodash csp`
     * build and avoiding `_.template` use, or loading Lo-Dash in a sandboxed page.
     * See http://developer.chrome.com/trunk/extensions/sandboxingEval.html
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {String} text The template text.
     * @param {Obect} data The data object used to populate the text.
     * @param {Object} options The options object.
     * @returns {Function|String} Returns a compiled function when no `data` object
     *  is given, else it returns the interpolated text.
     * @example
     *
     * // using a compiled template
     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
     * compiled({ 'name': 'moe' });
     * // => 'hello moe'
     *
     * var list = '<% _.forEach(people, function(name) { %><li><%= name %></li><% }); %>';
     * _.template(list, { 'people': ['moe', 'larry', 'curly'] });
     * // => '<li>moe</li><li>larry</li><li>curly</li>'
     *
     * // using the "escape" delimiter to escape HTML in data property values
     * _.template('<b><%- value %></b>', { 'value': '<script>' });
     * // => '<b>&lt;script></b>'
     *
     * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
     * _.template('<% print("hello " + epithet); %>!', { 'epithet': 'stooge' });
     * // => 'hello stooge!'
     *
     * // using custom template delimiter settings
     * _.templateSettings = {
   *   'interpolate': /\{\{([\s\S]+?)\}\}/g
   * };
     *
     * _.template('hello {{ name }}!', { 'name': 'mustache' });
     * // => 'hello mustache!'
     *
     * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= data.name %>!', null, { 'variable': 'data' });
     * compiled.source;
     * // => function(data) {
   *   var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape;
   *   __p += 'hello ' + ((__t = ( data.name )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
   *   return __p;
   * }
     *
     * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
     * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>', null, { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
     * compiled(data);
     * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the sources tab or resources panel of the web inspector
     *
     * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
     * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
     * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
     *   var JST = {\
   *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
   *   };\
     * ');
     */
    function template(text, data, options) {
        // based on John Resig's `tmpl` implementation
        // http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-micro-templating/
        // and Laura Doktorova's doT.js
        // https://github.com/olado/doT
        text || (text = '');
        options || (options = {});

        var isEvaluating,
            result,
            index = 0,
            settings = lodash.templateSettings,
            source = "__p += '",
            variable = options.variable || settings.variable,
            hasVariable = variable;

        // compile regexp to match each delimiter
        var reDelimiters = RegExp(
            (options.escape || settings.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
                (options.interpolate || settings.interpolate || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
                (options.evaluate || settings.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
            , 'g');

        text.replace(reDelimiters, function (match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
            // escape characters that cannot be included in string literals
            source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);

            // replace delimiters with snippets
            source +=
                escapeValue ? "' +\n__e(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'" :
                    evaluateValue ? "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '" :
                        interpolateValue ? "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'" : '';

            isEvaluating || (isEvaluating = evaluateValue || reComplexDelimiter.test(escapeValue || interpolateValue));
            index = offset + match.length;
        });

        source += "';\n";

        // if `variable` is not specified and the template contains "evaluate"
        // delimiters, wrap a with-statement around the generated code to add the
        // data object to the top of the scope chain
        if (!hasVariable) {
            variable = 'obj';
            if (isEvaluating) {
                source = 'with (' + variable + ') {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
            }
            else {
                // avoid a with-statement by prepending data object references to property names
                var reDoubleVariable = RegExp('(\\(\\s*)' + variable + '\\.' + variable + '\\b', 'g');
                source = source
                    .replace(reInsertVariable, '$&' + variable + '.')
                    .replace(reDoubleVariable, '$1__d');
            }
        }

        // cleanup code by stripping empty strings
        source = (isEvaluating ? source.replace(reEmptyStringLeading, '') : source)
            .replace(reEmptyStringMiddle, '$1')
            .replace(reEmptyStringTrailing, '$1;');

        // frame code as the function body
        source = 'function(' + variable + ') {\n' +
            (hasVariable ? '' : variable + ' || (' + variable + ' = {});\n') +
            'var __t, __p = \'\', __e = _.escape' +
            (isEvaluating
                ? ', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n' +
                'function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, \'\') }\n'
                : (hasVariable ? '' : ', __d = ' + variable + '.' + variable + ' || ' + variable) + ';\n'
                ) +
            source +
            'return __p\n}';

        // use a sourceURL for easier debugging
        // http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
        var sourceURL = useSourceURL
            ? '\n//@ sourceURL=' + (options.sourceURL || '/lodash/template/source[' + (templateCounter++) + ']')
            : '';

        try {
            result = Function('_', 'return ' + source + sourceURL)(lodash);
        } catch (e) {
            e.source = source;
            throw e;
        }

        if (data) {
            return result(data);
        }
        // provide the compiled function's source via its `toString` method, in
        // supported environments, or the `source` property as a convenience for
        // inlining compiled templates during the build process
        result.source = source;
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Executes the `callback` function `n` times, returning an array of the results
     * of each `callback` execution. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
     * with one argument; (index).
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Number} n The number of times to execute the callback.
     * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
     * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
     * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
     * @example
     *
     * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6));
     * // => [3, 6, 4]
     *
     * _.times(3, function(n) { mage.castSpell(n); });
     * // => calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times, passing `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively
     *
     * _.times(3, function(n) { this.cast(n); }, mage);
     * // => also calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
     */
    function times(n, callback, thisArg) {
        n = +n || 0;
        var index = -1,
            result = Array(n);

        while (++index < n) {
            result[index] = callback.call(thisArg, index);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the HTML entities `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, and `&#x27;`
     * in `string` to their corresponding characters.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {String} string The string to unescape.
     * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped string.
     * @example
     *
     * _.unescape('Moe, Larry &amp; Curly');
     * // => "Moe, Larry & Curly"
     */
    function unescape(string) {
        return string == null ? '' : (string + '').replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar);
    }

    /**
     * Generates a unique id. If `prefix` is passed, the id will be appended to it.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {String} [prefix] The value to prefix the id with.
     * @returns {Number|String} Returns a numeric id if no prefix is passed, else
     *  a string id may be returned.
     * @example
     *
     * _.uniqueId('contact_');
     * // => 'contact_104'
     */
    function uniqueId(prefix) {
        var id = idCounter++;
        return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Wraps the value in a `lodash` wrapper object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Chaining
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
     * @returns {Object} Returns the wrapper object.
     * @example
     *
     * var stooges = [
     *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
     *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
     *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
     * ];
     *
     * var youngest = _.chain(stooges)
     *     .sortBy(function(stooge) { return stooge.age; })
     *     .map(function(stooge) { return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
     *     .first()
     *     .value();
     * // => 'moe is 40'
     */
    function chain(value) {
        value = new lodash(value);
        value.__chain__ = true;
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Invokes `interceptor` with the `value` as the first argument, and then
     * returns `value`. The purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
     * in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Chaining
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to pass to `interceptor`.
     * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
     * @example
     *
     * _.chain([1, 2, 3, 200])
     *  .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
     *  .tap(alert)
     *  .map(function(num) { return num * num })
     *  .value();
     * // => // [2, 200] (alerted)
     * // => [4, 40000]
     */
    function tap(value, interceptor) {
        interceptor(value);
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Enables method chaining on the wrapper object.
     *
     * @name chain
     * @deprecated
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Chaining
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapper object.
     * @example
     *
     * _([1, 2, 3]).value();
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    function wrapperChain() {
        this.__chain__ = true;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Extracts the wrapped value.
     *
     * @name value
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Chaining
     * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapped value.
     * @example
     *
     * _([1, 2, 3]).value();
     * // => [1, 2, 3]
     */
    function wrapperValue() {
        return this.__wrapped__;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * The semantic version number.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @type String
     */
    lodash.VERSION = '0.8.2';

    // assign static methods
    lodash.after = after;
    lodash.bind = bind;
    lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
    lodash.chain = chain;
    lodash.clone = clone;
    lodash.compact = compact;
    lodash.compose = compose;
    lodash.contains = contains;
    lodash.countBy = countBy;
    lodash.debounce = debounce;
    lodash.defaults = defaults;
    lodash.defer = defer;
    lodash.delay = delay;
    lodash.difference = difference;
    lodash.escape = escape;
    lodash.every = every;
    lodash.extend = extend;
    lodash.filter = filter;
    lodash.find = find;
    lodash.first = first;
    lodash.flatten = flatten;
    lodash.forEach = forEach;
    lodash.forIn = forIn;
    lodash.forOwn = forOwn;
    lodash.functions = functions;
    lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
    lodash.has = has;
    lodash.identity = identity;
    lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
    lodash.initial = initial;
    lodash.intersection = intersection;
    lodash.invert = invert;
    lodash.invoke = invoke;
    lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
    lodash.isArray = isArray;
    lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
    lodash.isDate = isDate;
    lodash.isElement = isElement;
    lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
    lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
    lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
    lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
    lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
    lodash.isNull = isNull;
    lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
    lodash.isObject = isObject;
    lodash.isPlainObject = isPlainObject;
    lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
    lodash.isString = isString;
    lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
    lodash.keys = keys;
    lodash.last = last;
    lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
    lodash.lateBind = lateBind;
    lodash.map = map;
    lodash.max = max;
    lodash.memoize = memoize;
    lodash.merge = merge;
    lodash.min = min;
    lodash.mixin = mixin;
    lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
    lodash.object = object;
    lodash.omit = omit;
    lodash.once = once;
    lodash.pairs = pairs;
    lodash.partial = partial;
    lodash.pick = pick;
    lodash.pluck = pluck;
    lodash.random = random;
    lodash.range = range;
    lodash.reduce = reduce;
    lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
    lodash.reject = reject;
    lodash.rest = rest;
    lodash.result = result;
    lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
    lodash.size = size;
    lodash.some = some;
    lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
    lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
    lodash.tap = tap;
    lodash.template = template;
    lodash.throttle = throttle;
    lodash.times = times;
    lodash.toArray = toArray;
    lodash.unescape = unescape;
    lodash.union = union;
    lodash.uniq = uniq;
    lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;
    lodash.values = values;
    lodash.where = where;
    lodash.without = without;
    lodash.wrap = wrap;
    lodash.zip = zip;

    // assign aliases
    lodash.all = every;
    lodash.any = some;
    lodash.collect = map;
    lodash.detect = find;
    lodash.drop = rest;
    lodash.each = forEach;
    lodash.foldl = reduce;
    lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
    lodash.head = first;
    lodash.include = contains;
    lodash.inject = reduce;
    lodash.methods = functions;
    lodash.select = filter;
    lodash.tail = rest;
    lodash.take = first;
    lodash.unique = uniq;

    // add pseudo private properties used and removed during the build process
    lodash._iteratorTemplate = iteratorTemplate;
    lodash._shimKeys = shimKeys;

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    // add all static functions to `lodash.prototype`
    mixin(lodash);

    // add `lodash.prototype.chain` after calling `mixin()` to avoid overwriting
    // it with the wrapped `lodash.chain`
    lodash.prototype.chain = wrapperChain;
    lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValue;

    // add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
    forEach(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function (methodName) {
        var func = ArrayProto[methodName];

        lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
            var value = this.__wrapped__;
            func.apply(value, arguments);

            // avoid array-like object bugs with `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` in
            // Firefox < 10 and IE < 9
            if (hasObjectSpliceBug && value.length === 0) {
                delete value[0];
            }
            if (this.__chain__) {
                value = new lodash(value);
                value.__chain__ = true;
            }
            return value;
        };
    });

    // add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
    forEach(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function (methodName) {
        var func = ArrayProto[methodName];

        lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
            var value = this.__wrapped__,
                result = func.apply(value, arguments);

            if (this.__chain__) {
                result = new lodash(result);
                result.__chain__ = true;
            }
            return result;
        };
    });

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    // expose Lo-Dash
    // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns like the following:
    if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
        // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
        // case Lo-Dash was injected by a third-party script and not intended to be
        // loaded as a module. The global assignment can be reverted in the Lo-Dash
        // module via its `noConflict()` method.
        window._ = lodash;

        // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
        // referenced as the "underscore" module
        define(function () {
            return lodash;
        });
    }
    // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
    else if (freeExports) {
        // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
        if (typeof module == 'object' && module && module.exports == freeExports) {
            (module.exports = lodash)._ = lodash;
        }
        // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
        else {
            freeExports._ = lodash;
        }
    }
    else {
        // in a browser or Rhino
        window._ = lodash;
    }
}(this));